Maximum length for twisted pair - as per IEEE - is 100m or 328 feet, so maximum length for PoE can't be greater than that, it can however be a lot less depending on whose implementation you're using.
I don't know if there is a defined spec, but some implementations use a power injector and a picker -
D-Link DWL-P100 that simply interconnect between your ethernet device - in this case an AP - and it's power adapter. This type of implementation results in a voltage drop across the twisted pair that
may cause problems depending on the length of the run and the current draw of the device.
Other implementations use a power injector that puts 48VDC on the twisted pair and use a regulated picker at the other end to ensure that the ethernet device gets full voltage,
Hyperlink makes this one, along with a wide variety of other types.
Some devices have PoE built in and these typically have an internal regulator that reduces the PoE voltage to the required operating level and will work with PoE switches - Cisco is one example.
Of course you can also homebrew some of this stuff - google will give you a few examples of the first type - and I of course built my own
